1. The simulated result of single band patch antenna is obtained at the resonant frequency of 2.4 GHz. The return loss is found to be -20.35dB from the curve shown in fig. It is observed that most of the power is radiated, only a little amount of power is reflected back i.e., only 9% of the power is getting reflected to input port.
2. All the proposed antennas are implemented in a single rectangular metal cavity. One slot is formed at the bottom side of this cavity as a feeding slot to excite two orthogonal resonant modes. The slot antenna is then constituted at the opposite side of the feeding slot to radiate electromagnetic wave.

The holes are not resonant at 10 GHz, so they do not radiate as readily as resonant slots. The result is a high 'Q' sharply tuned antenna. The radiating elements on opposite sides of the waveguide are further apart, so the omnidirectionality is not as good. Slot antennas radiate in a manner similar to a dipole, although unlike a conventional dipole, the current circulates (sort of) in a slot antenna. This confirms, as far as I can tell, the thought that a slot antenna is a magnetic radiator rather than an electrostatic radiator, i.e. The B field is used rather than the E field. In this the antenna resonant frequency and the antenna bandwidth are of great importance. Antenna resonance. A radio antenna is a form of tuned circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance, and as a result it has a resonant frequency. This is the frequency where the capacitive and inductive reactances cancel each other out.

There Ain’t No Free Lunch

OK. The English is bad but the title says it all. So many hams are looking for that “all band, does everything” HF antenna.

On VHF and UHF the “tuning” of an antenna is far less critical than on HF. The wavelengths at 144 MHz and above provide a naturally wide bandwidth so that you assemble the antenna and, in most cases, it just works. Nearly all transmitting antennas at VHF and above are resonant types.

There are basically only two classes of HF antennas: Resonant and Non-Resonant. Let’s look at resonant antennas first.

Resonant antennas include (but are not limited to) monoband dipoles, monoband and trapped verticals, mono-band and trapped multiband Yagis, and specialized multiband antennas like fan and parallel dipoles. Resonance may be designed into these antennas by the use of traps, linear loading, stubs, or by the natural resonance of the length of the radiator. With these antennas, resonance occurs only in narrow chunks of spectrum.

Non-resonant antennas include (but are not limited to) long-wires, un-trapped multiband verticals, off-center fed dipoles, and other compromise antennas. These antennas typically require a wide-range antenna tuning unit (ATU).

On HF, the wavelengths are long to very long and resonance becomes more critical. A dipole on 80 meters may have a useful SWR bandwidth of only 60 kHz or so. If you want to work 75 phone with an 80 meter CW antenna, you’ll need an ATU (better referred to as a transmatch) to compensate. All resonant HF antennas – ALL OF THEM – used outside their resonant bandwidth require the use of a tuner. If you are looking for an antenna that will cover 160 through 6 and work efficiently… that hasn’t been invented yet.

Non-resonant antennas may be force-fed using ATUs in conjunction with baluns or feedline current chokes. Baluns and chokes will keep RFI out of your shack and allow the tuner to force-feed the non-resonant antenna so that power is radiated instead of being lost in standing waves or impedance losses. For example, 43 foot verticals are 43 feet long to avoid accidental resonance. In other words, they’re designed to be totally non-resonant. Their balun or unun and associated ATU allow them to work across a very wide spectrum. The lower the frequency, however, the poorer the efficiency of these antennas becomes.

Compromise antennas require compromise solutions and support. There ain’t no free lunch!

Antenna Basic Theory Tutorial Includes:
Basic antenna theoryPolarisationResonance & bandwidthGain & directivityFeed impedance

Radio antennas have a bandwidth over which they can operate effectively; even wideband antennas. Many antennas operate in a resonant mode and this gives them a relatively narrow bandwidth over which they are able to provide excellent performance.

Antenna resonance and bandwidth are two properties for antennas that are closely linked.

Whether the radio antenna is used for broadcasting, TV and radio reception, WLAN, cellular telecommunications, PMR, amateur radio, or any other application, the performance of the antenna is paramount. In this the antenna resonant frequency and the antenna bandwidth are of great importance.

Antenna resonance

A radio antenna is a form of tuned circuit consisting of inductance and capacitance, and as a result it has a resonant frequency. This is the frequency where the capacitive and inductive reactances cancel each other out. At this point the antenna appears purely resistive, the resistance being a combination of the loss resistance and the radiation resistance.

The capacitance and inductance of an RF antenna are determined by its physical properties and the environment where it is located. The major feature of the antenna design is its dimensions. It is found that the larger the antenna or more strictly the antenna elements, the lower the resonant frequency. For example antennas for UHF terrestrial television have relatively small elements, while those for VHF broadcast sound FM have larger elements indicating a lower frequency. Antennas for short wave applications are larger still.

Antenna bandwidth

An antenna bandwidth is governed by whether it is able to operate within the parameters required for that particular application. In some scenarios impedance may be an issue, in others it may be gain, or beamwidth. In this way there are several ways in which the performance of an antenna bandwidth can be judged.

In most cases, antenna are operated around the resonant point. This means that there is only a limited bandwidth over which an RF antenna design can operate efficiently. Outside this the levels of reactance rise to levels that may be too high for satisfactory operation. Other characteristics of the antenna may also be impaired away from the centre operating frequency.

The antenna bandwidth is particularly important where radio transmitters are concerned as damage may occur to the transmitter if the antenna is operated outside its operating range and the radio transmitter is not adequately protected. In addition to this the signal radiated by the RF antenna may be less for a number of reasons.

For receiving purposes the performance of the antenna is less critical in some respects. It can be operated outside its normal bandwidth without any fear of damage to the set. Even a random length of wire will pick up signals, and it may be possible to receive several distant stations. However for the best reception it is necessary to ensure that the performance of the RF antenna design is optimum.

Impedance bandwidth

One major feature of an radio antenna that does change with frequency is its impedance. This in turn can cause the amount of reflected power to increase. If the radio antenna is used for transmitting it may be that beyond a given level of reflected power damage may be caused to either the transmitter or the feeder, and this is quite likely to be a factor which limits the operating bandwidth of an antenna. Today most transmitters have some form of SWR protection circuit that prevents damage by reducing the output power to an acceptable level as the levels of reflected power increase. This in turn means that the efficiency of the station is reduced outside a given bandwidth. As far as receiving is concerned the impedance changes of the antenna are not as critical as they will mean that the signal transfer from the antenna itself to the feeder is reduced and in turn the efficiency will fall. For amateur operation the frequencies below which a maximum SWR figure of 1.5:1 is produced is often taken as the acceptable bandwidth.

In order to increase the bandwidth of an antenna there are a number of measures that can be taken. One is the use of thicker conductors. Another is the actual type of antenna used. For example a folded dipole has a wider bandwidth than a non-folded one. In fact looking at a standard television antenna it is possible to see both of these features included.

Radiation pattern

Another feature of an antenna that changes with frequency is its radiation pattern. In the case of a beam it is particularly noticeable. In particular the front to back ratio will fall off rapidly outside a given bandwidth, and so will the gain. In an antenna such as a Yagi this is caused by a reduction in the currents in the parasitic elements as the frequency of operation is moved away from resonance. For beam antennas such as the Yagi the radiation pattern bandwidth is defined as the frequency range over which the gain of the main lobe is within 1 dB of its maximum.

For many beam antennas, especially high gain ones it will be found that the impedance bandwidth is wider than the radiation pattern bandwidth, although the two parameters are inter-related in many respects.

Resonant Slot Antenna Receiver

Antenna bandwidth is a key issue for any radio antenna. Whilst most antennas are operated in a resonant mode, many others are not. Whatever the radio antenna, it has a limited band over which it can operate effectively and within the parameters set out for it.

Resonant Slot Antenna Signal

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